[2] In November 1835, John C. Duval volunteered for a company organized in Kentucky by his brother, Burr H. Duval, with the plan to go to fight in Texas. . Nearly all were killed at the first fire. The execution of James W. Fannin, Jr.'s command in the Goliad Massacre was not without precedent, however, and Mexican president and general Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, who ultimately ordered the exterminations, was operating within Mexican law. The Texans thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks. It would be entirely consistent with British actions throughout the world in the 19th Century where adventurers operated with at least the tacit support of the British government in pursuing this scheme or that. [3] The company, known as the Mustangs, came under the command of Colonel James W. Fannin once they arrived in Texas. On March 15, as their ammunition ran short, Texians retreated from Refugio. Johnson and five others had also been captured but escaped and rejoined James Fannin's command at Goliad. The area that bordered the United States, known as Texas, was populated primarily by English-speaking settlers, known as Texians. Urrea, in compliance with his promise, wrote to Santa Anna from Guadalupe Victoria, informing him that Fannin and his men were prisoners of war "at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government" and recommending clemency; but he reported nothing in his letter of the terms that Fannin and his men had drafted for their surrender. 350 injured or missing, This page was last edited on 4 March 2022, at 08:20. The finely bred, West Point-trained officer lingered for days as a 1,400-man army led by Santa Annas chief lieutenant, General Jose de Urrea, closed in on Goliad. ASIN, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho62, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmi30, Urrea's right wing consisted of about 1000 soldiers; unknown number of executioners, 28 escaped, 20 spared as workers, 75 spared as unarmed captives. Urrea wrote in his diary that he "wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my personal responsibility." In 1930 some Goliad Boy Scouts found charred bone fragments that had been unearthed over the years by animals, and an excursion to the site by Goliad residents on New Year's Day, 1932, succeeded in attracting an investigation of the site by University of Texas anthropologist J. E. Pearce. As Palm Sunday dawned on March 27, the prisoners were divided into quarters. He recalled that on the morning of March 27, 1836, a Mexican officer told the men to get ready for a march. Top 100 High Schools in the Nation, U.S. News & World Report; . In this critical predicament, Fannin and the majority of the men voted to surrender the Texian forces on March 20. An hour after Santa Annas execution orders arrived, Portilla received the contradictory message from Urrea to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin. After an agonizing night weighing the two instructions, Portilla decided to uphold the wishes of the Mexican dictator. Believing they were on missions to gather wood, drive cattle or even sail to safety in New Orleans, the rebels joked and swapped stories. The gist of these was that Fannin and his men, including his officers and the wounded, should be treated as prisoners of war according to the usages of civilized nations and, as soon as possible, paroled and returned to the United States. The remaining survivors joined Fannin's troops and were later killed in the Goliad Massacre. The Battle of Coleto ended with a Texian surrender on March 20. [4] He recruited about 200 Tejano volunteers from the area, including some previously sympathetic to the Texians, to join him. Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre;[22] William Lockhart Hunter, also of the New Orleans Greys, who survived despite being bayoneted and clubbed with a musket;[23] and four members of Shackelford's Red Rovers: Dillard Cooper,[24] Zachariah S. Brooks, Wilson Simpson, and Isaac D. Hamilton,[25] who escaped after days on the run. Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla, under orders from General and President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. At the Goliad Massacre, Santa Anna ordered the execution of Col. James Fannin and almost 350 of . Another written account can be found in Early Times in Texas (serial form, 186871; book, 1892) by John Crittenden Duval. Prompt movements are therefore highly important.. [13][19] Forty Texians were unable to walk. Col. James W. Fannin and his army of men had surrendered to the Mexican army and agreed to be. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. Some of the prisoners taken at Refugio but not executed with King's men are known to have been at Goliad, where they were again spared because they were serving the Mexican army as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, or other artisans. They are going to shoot us! and at the same instant [John] heard the clicking of musket locks all along the Mexican line.[7], Dodging the first round of fire and avoiding a close encounter with the end of a bayonet, John C. Duval was subsequently able to reach the San Antonio River without being struck by the barrage of bullets that followed. John J. Linn, Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas (New York: Sadlier, 1883; 2d ed., Austin: Steck, 1935; rpt., Austin: State House, 1986). [1][5], The next day, Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Colonel Portilla had the 303 Texians marched out of Fort Defiance into three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road, between two rows of Mexican soldiers; they were shot point-blank, and any survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. According to Duval, in February of 1836, the men at Goliad were informed by a Mexican from the Rio Grande that Santa Anna was on the Texas border with a large army. Goliad Massacre, [3] The following month, Texians declared themselves part of a state independent from Coahuila and created a provisional state government based on the principles of the Constitution of 1824. O Massacre de Goliad, situado na cidade de Goliad em 27 de maro de 1836, foi uma revolta de soldados-prisioneiros e seu comandante, James Fannin da Repblica do Texas, pelo exrcito mexicano. The sound of a second volley, from a different direction than the first just then reached our ears, and was followed by a confused cry, as if those at whom it had been aimed, had not all immediately been killed. Angeli Wright awright@vicad.com A Bible opened up to Psalm 22 is nailed to the tree. Carlos E. Castaeda (Dallas: Turner, 1928; 2d ed., Austin: Graphic Ideas, 1970). Fannin hoped to retreat to Victoria, but he hesitated for several days. Welche Kriterien es vor dem Kaufen die Nici qid zu untersuchen gibt! [1][2] Unrest continued in the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas. Goliad is located on U.S. Highway 59, named also for the late U.S. The survivors reached Goliad on February 29. Portilla wrote that the total number of his prisoners was 445, exclusive of William P. Miller's eighty men, who had been captured without arms at Copano and were thus to be spared. The San Antonio Grays, Mobile Grays,and others were marched along the Victoria road in the direction of the lower ford. When Mexico transitioned to a centralized government in 1835, supporters of federalism took up arms. [7], Also spared were the 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion, who had surrendered while still unarmed. Save big when you register early. In Goliad. accessed January 19, 2023, [7] Santa Anna personally led the bulk of his troops inland to San Antonio de Bxar and ordered General Jos de Urrea to lead 550 troops along the Atascocita Road toward Goliad. LEE OXFORD BOOKS New York American New-YorkMay 14, 1836 SURVIVOR AFFIDAVIT OF THE GOLIAD MASSACRE BY ZACHARIAH S. BROOKS, WILSON SIMPSON AND DILLARD COOPER DESCRIPTION: 4-page original newspaper in go [15][16], The Mexicans took the Texians back to Goliad, where they were held as prisoners at Fort Defiance (Presidio La Bahia). [9] On February 26, 1836, he attempted to march to San Antonio but turned back at the San Antonio River because of the inability to travel with the artillery and arms. In 1892, Duval published his journal, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, which detailed his imprisonment, escape, and eventual return to safety during the final month of the Texas Revolution. Even on the move, Fannins long-delayed retreat advanced at a sluggish pace. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS (/kltn/; 15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was a polar explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic, and one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. All Rights Reserved. We must defend our rights, ourselves and our country by Determined to punish the rebellious Texans, whom he viewed as pirates who deserved to be executed, Santa Anna mounted a campaign to demonstrate his power by exacting the same kind of retribution upon them that he had visited upon Zacatecas.In command of an army that would eventually grow to perhaps more than 7,000 troops, he began a march . (1970). You will also note that the name Fannin seems to be misspelled in both inscriptions. It is part of the Victoria, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area. They were kept separate from the other prisoners, as they had been unarmed and surrendered without a fight. [11], On March 19, Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men of the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). It addresses the issue of whether the men murdered . Remember Goliad!. Santa Anna responds: the Alamo and the Goliad Massacre. Thirty nine were killed inside the fort, under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one. King had been defeated in the battle of Refugio, surrendered near Dimitt's Landing on the terms accorded Fannin, and he and about eighty of his men of the Georgia Battalion were added to the Goliad prisoners on March 25. Houston ordered Colonel James W. Fannin to evacuate his 400-man force from Goliad and retreat to Victoria, a town 30 miles to the east behind the natural defense of the Guadalupe River. Pedro (Luis?) John C. Duval and the remainder of Fannins men were brought back to Goliad where they were confined in Presidio la Baha for the following week. [6], On March 2, at the Battle of Agua Dulce, Grant was killed, as were about 20 other men under his command. [31] In 1939, the Fannin Memorial Monument by Raoul Josset was erected at the gravesite. They had first given this account at a ranch where they had taken refuge after the escape. The Alamo! His men thundered a reply with an addendum: Remember the Alamo! [They were] to be liberated on parole, and that arrangements had been made to send [them] to New Orleans on board of vessels then at Copano.[6] Duval joined the division that was marched northwest along the road leading to San Antonio. Upon hearing heavy firing of musketry in the directions taken by the other two divisions, [one of the men] exclaimed Boys! Goliad weekend Where: Presidio La Baha, south of Goliad When: 9 a.m. to 4:45 p.m. Saturday and Sunday; candlelight tour is from 7 to 9 p.m. Saturday Cost: Daily admission is $4 for adults,. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Despite appeals for clemency by General Jos de Urrea, the massacre was carried out by Lt. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. The Mexican soldiers who stood at about three paces from us, leveled their muskets at our breasts. Therefore, the massacre cannot be considered isolated from the events and legislation preceding it. The Apache tribes disliked the Mexicans so, that when the United States went to war against Mexico, the Apache promised to provide them with safe passage through their lands. Duval and the few other men who escaped the massacre were heavily pursued by Mexican troops for the following days. Urrea wrote to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians. The blood of my lieutenant was on my clothes, and around me lay my friends convulsed in their last agony. Knowing the prisoners' probable fate, General Urrea departed Goliad, leaving command to Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla, and later writing to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians. The Texans were imprisoned by the Mexicans at Goliad and subsequently murdered by order of Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna on March 27, 1836. The bullets whistled round me as I swam slowly and wearily to the other side, but none wounded me. In view of Santa Anna's positive orders, Urrea could not, of course, accede to these terms, but refusing them would mean another bloody battle. Eleven Texians were killed outright, five suffered mortal wounds, and 21 others were taken . Morales has long put her heart into the community that raised her. Clarence R. Wharton, Remember Goliad (Houston: McCurdy-Young, 1931). Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, most were chased off and escaped, but 18 were captured and marched back to Goliad. Twenty-eight of them were tried as pirates, convicted, and, on December 14, 1835, shot (see TAMPICO EXPEDITION). After wandering on the coastal prairie for several days, the Georgia Battalion reached Victoria, only to find it in the possession of the Mexican army. Goliad Map. Coordinates: 283851N 972259W / 28.6476N 97.3830W / 28.6476; -97.3830. 342 men were executed at Goliad. A monument marks the burial site outside. The Alamo! [citation needed], Amon B. Colonists in Texas, primarily immigrants from the United States, revolted in October 1835 and by the end of the year had expelled all Mexican troops from their province. Six Texians escaped, five were recaptured and marched to Goliad. Although shot in the thigh, Fannin continued to lead the fight until darkness fell. The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, 1836, following the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto; 425-445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Texas .The men surrendered under the belief they would be set free The Texians were then fired on at point-blank range only a few hundred yards from the fort. GeoCoords: Latitude: 28.612982000000 Longitude: -97.421924000000. ", A more difficult situation confronted him on March 20 after James W. Fannin's surrender (see COLETO, BATTLE OF). Inside the walls of the Presidio, the wounded Texian commander, Col. James W. Fannin was executed at point blank range. [9] On March 14, Colonel William Ward and 200 men, who had been sent to help Captain Amon B. Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. Similar Items. The Goliad Massacre was an event that occurred on March 27, 1836, during the Texas Revolution, in which nearly 500 prisoners of war from the army of the Republic of Texas were killed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Texas. Whether indecisive, stubborn or loyal to the rebels away on missions whom he did not want to abandon, Fannin remained in Goliad until the morning of March 19. While the sick and wounded remained in the chapel, the other three groups were escorted on different roads out of town. Fannin may have hoped, and even expected, that his men would be treated as prisoners of war and given clemency. Nearly 350 rebels were executed in the Goliad Massacre, almost twice as many as were killed at the siege of the Alamo. Instead of taking cover in the nearby woods, Fannin ordered his men to form a square on an open prairie near Coleto Creek. The Mexican soldiers at La Bahia returned to the funeral pyres and gathered up any visible remains of the Texians and re-burned any evidence of the bodies. This is featured in his collected poems titled Leaves of Grass. Anglo population of Goliad, Tex, sticks with long-used term 'massacre' to describe killing of more than 300 Texan rebels who surrendered after battle with Mexican troops there in 1836, but Mexican . Fannin ordered the bulk of his army to retreat from Goliad on March 19, in the hopes of joining the forces of General Sam Houston. [3] Six Texians were taken prisoners and were marched to prison in Matamoros. [20][21], The entire Texian force was killed, except for 28 men who feigned death and escaped. Following a one-sided battle on the prairie near Coleto Creek, 250 mostly American prisoners were marched back to the presidio at Goliad where they were joined by more than 200 others. They were later marched to Matamoros. The death toll would have been even higher if not for a Mexican woman known as the Angel of Goliad who convinced a Mexican colonel to spare the lives of approximately 20 doctors, orderlies and interpreters. [26] Also spared were the 75 soldiers of Miller and the Nashville Battalion. [5] Johnson and four others escaped in the darkness and rejoined Fannin's command at Goliad, where they said that all the prisoners had been executed. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. Urrea, according to his contemporary Reuben M. Potter, "was not blood thirsty and when not overruled by orders of a superior, or stirred by irritation, was disposed to treat prisoners with lenity." Save up to 30% when you upgrade to an image pack. The exact fate of others captured at Refugio is not known. The Mexican guards opened fire. CORRUPT AUSTRALIAN MILITARY HISTORY: The fight to validate the 2nd D&E Platoon, Biography of Nnamdi Kanu, Age, Career and Net Worth, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02. [1], Albert Clinton Horton and his company had been acting as the advance and rear guards for Fannin's company. Urreas advance riders had already spotted the Texan defenses, and the main army was just hours behind. This show of generosity after a hotly contested engagement is worthy of the highest commendation, Urrea wrote to Santa Anna, and I can do no less than to commend it to your Excellency.. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Under President Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, the Mexican government began to shift away from a federalist model to a more centralized government. Facing extremely long odds, the men chose to stay and fight. SAN ANTONIO John Willingham long has been fascinated with the horrific "Goliad Massacre," which came three weeks after the 1836 Battle of the Alamo and further riled the Texans in their . Fannin, because he was wounded, was shot separately at the mission on the same day. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Handbook of Texas Online, Led to believe that they would be released into the United States, they returned to their former fort in Goliad, now their prison. [10] Jay A. Stout, Massacre at Goliad, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008, p. 212. Joseph E. Field, Three Years in Texas (Greenfield and Boston, Massachusetts, 1836; rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). Now burst in harsh accents from the lips of the Mexican commander. Many were killed or captured. About a mile outside Goliad, Presidio La Bahia attracts both history buffs and ghost hunters, all drawn to the scene of the Goliad Massacre. Forty Texians were unable to walk. Urrea complied to the extent of issuing an order to shoot his prisoners, along with those captured in the battle of Agua Dulce Creek, but he had no stomach for such cold-blooded killing; and when Father Thomas J. Malloy, priest of the Irish colonists, protested the execution, Urrea remitted the prisoners to Matamoros, asking Santa Anna's pardon for having done so and washing his hands of their fate. Jack Shackelford, commander of the Red Rovers under James W. Fannin at Goliad, was a survivor and chronicler of the battle of Coleto and the Goliad Massacre. [27] Spared men were given white arm bands and, while wearing them, could walk about freely. Things to Do Kathryn Stoner O'Connor, The Presidio La Baha del Espritu Santo de Ziga, 1721 to 1846 (Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1966). [5] Not long after Fannins company had begun their march to Victoria, they were pursued by an army of Mexican troops led by General Jos de Urrea. 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